Coffee - A Popular Hot Drink

Coffee is one of the most popular hot drinks in the world. Almost a third of the world’s population drinks coffee. People often meet at cafes or coffee shops for a coffee break during the middle of the morning or stop work in the afternoon to drink coffee.

About 7 million tons of coffee are produced every year. Brazil is, by far, the world’s largest coffee producer. About a third of the world’s production comes from this South American country. Other coffee producing countries include Vietnam, Indonesia and Columbia.

The United States is the biggest coffee consumer in the world. About 1.2 billion kilograms of coffee are consumed there every year. Drinking coffee is extremely popular in European countries, like Italy, France and Germany, as well as in Brazil.

The coffee plant

Coffee grows as a green-leaved tree or bush with blossoming white flowers. The coffee shrub originally comes from Ethiopia but, in the course of time spread to Southeast Asia and South America.

There are two basic types of coffee. Arabica accounts for about 70% of the world’s coffee production. It is grown in the higher regions of central and South America and is popular for its flavor and fragrance. Robusta has spread throughout central and eastern Africa. Although it makes up only thirty per cent of the total coffee production it has become more important because it can resist diseases better. It also has smaller beans and can grow at lower altitudes than Arabica.

Coffee plants grow in the warm and moist climate of the tropics and subtropics. Most coffee trees grow best between 1000 and 2500 meters above sea level.

Coffee trees produce fruits called berries. At first they are yellow, and then become red as they mature. An average coffee tree can produce enough berries to make about a pound (half a kilo) of roasted coffee.

Coffee seeds are grown in nursery beds. After a year they are planted in specially prepared fields. It takes a coffee tree about six years to produce a full harvest of coffee berries. The largest ones can get up to six meters tall, but they are normally trimmed to a height of 1.5 to 4 meters.

Harvesting and processing coffee

Most coffee berries are picked by hand, which makes sure that only the good berries are used. After separating berries from leaves and other waste materials, the beans are then taken out, cleaned and dried. Only the best beans make it to the market. Then they are put into bags and shipped to countries where they are roasted.

At their destination the beans are combined to make different blends of coffee. Roasting for about 15 minutes brings out the true flavor of the coffee. The roasted coffee beans are packaged; some of them are crushed to ground coffee.

Effects of coffee

Coffee contains caffeine, a substance that stimulates parts of the body, especially heart and muscles. People often drink coffee to help them stay awake or keep them alert. Although coffee has some negative effects it is not thought to be a harmful drink. Children and people who have heart problems should not drink coffee it in great quantities. In decaffeinated coffee the caffeine is extracted in a chemical process.

How coffee is brewed.

Coffee must be ground before it is brewed. Grounding usually takes place inside a coffee machine, but you can also buy ground coffee in shops. The simplest brewing process is pouring boiling water over a filter of ground coffee and letting it flow into a pot. Coffee is often made by using simple machines that force hot water through a pad of pressed coffee. Espresso machines press hot water through ground coffee.
Instant coffee is made by pouring hot water over powdery coffee. It dissolves at once and you do not need a special machine.

History of coffee

Coffee originated in the east African highlands in the 6th century. It was then brought to Arabia where people used it as food and medicine. During the 11th century the first coffee drinks came up. In the 16th and 17th centuries coffee became widely popular in Europe when the Turks brought it to Central Europe. In the 17th and 18th century coffee conquered North and South Amercia

Coffee houses soon became popular all over the world. In the 1900s chains of coffee shops developed in Europe and America. Today, Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse chain in the world, with over 20,000 stores in 60 countries.

Types of Coffee drinks

Espresso is probably the most popular coffee drink in the world. It is made by forcing hot water through a pad filled with dark ground coffee. Although there is not much coffee in the cup an espresso is very strong. It is usually drunk black, with no milk added.
Americano is an espresso with hot water added to make it weaker.
Café Latte is an espresso with a lot of hot milk and foam added on the top
Cappuccino is a cup of espresso, together with warm milk and a lot of milk foam at the top. In some coffee shops it is decorated with flaked chocolate or cocoa.
Cafe Mocha is a cappuccino with chocolate or cocoa added
Frappe is a cold espresso that you can get at some coffee shops during the hot summer months
Turkish coffee is usually thicker than normal coffee. It is made by combining ground coffee and water to a muddy mixture

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Words

account for = to produce a certain amount of
add = put into
although = while
altitude = height
average = normal
basic = main, important
berry = small fruit or seed of a plant
billion = a thousand million
blend = when you mix many different types
blossom = when a tree produces flowers
boiling = very very hot
brew = when the taste of coffee or tea gets into hot water
by far = much more or better than anything else
century = a hundred years
chain = shops owned by the same company
coffee break = a short time when you stop working and have a cup of coffee
combine = put together
conquer = here: to become popular in
consumer = here: country whose people drink a lot of coffee
contain = to have in it
course of time = as time goes on
crush = to press something into many small pieces
decaffeinated = without caffeine
decorate = to make something look prettier
destination = place where something is going to
develop = grow
dissolve = melt, break up
especially = above all
extract = take out
extremely = very
filter = material that you pour something into and only the liquid gets through
flaked = small thin pieces of
flavor = taste , aroma
flow = run. move smoothly through
foam = when liquid turns into a mass of bubbles
force = make something happen
fragrance = nice smell
full harvest = here: when trees can produce the highest amount of coffee
ground coffee = to use a machine to break into powder or very small pieces
harmful = dangerous
height = how high something is
highlands = high, flat areas
include = are also
instant coffee = coffee in powdery form
market = place where you buy and sell something
mature = be become fully grown or ripe
moist = wet
muddy = not clear
nursery bed = place where new plants and trees are grown
originally = at first
originate = come from
package = put into boxes or bags
pad = here: filling
pick = harvest
popular = liked by many people
population = people
pot = container
pour = to make a liquid flow out of something
powdery = to break into very very small pieces
process = to make a product ready to be sold
quantity = amount
resist = to defend itself against
roast = to heat quickly so that you give something a certain taste
sea level = the average height of the sea, used as a standard for measuring mountain peaks and other objects
seed = small hard object of a plant from which a new plant can grow
separate = divide , split
shrub = bush, plant
spread = expand from one place to another
stimulate = to make something become active
substance = stuff, material
take place = happen
trim = cut
waste = not needed
widely = very

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