September 11, 2001

On September 11, 2001 , terrorists hijacked 4 airplanes and crashed them into the two towers of the World Trade Centre in New York and the Pentagon in Washington. The fourth jet crashed in Pennsylvania. About 3,000 people were killed and part of the Pentagon was destroyed. It was soon found out that Osama Bin Laden and his terrorist organization Al Qaeda had been behind the attacks.

The planes left the airports on the morning of September 11. Their original destination was California , so they had tons of fuel on board. Sometime after take-off , the terrorists took over the planes. Some of them had pilot training.

At 8:45 a.m. the first plane crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Centre. 20 minutes later, the second plane hit the south tower. Flames and smoke came out of the towers and the people who were working there tried to escape. About an hour after the attack both towers collapsed.

At about 9:40 a.m. a plane with 58 people on board crashed into the west side of the Pentagon, the country’s military headquarters in Washington. A part of the building collapsed and about 200 people were killed.

A fourth plane probably intended to crash into the White House or the Capitol, but a few passengers wanted to try to overcome the terrorists. The pilots lost control of the plane and it crashed into a field in Pennsylvania.

After the attack

After the attack on the USA, there was panic all over the country. The White House was evacuated and all air traffic over the continent was stopped. The stock exchange in New York stopped business and many tourist sights were closed down.

A month after the attack, the government gave the police and the FBI more power to hunt terrorists. New safety checks at airports were introduced and airlines started checking the baggage of their passengers more carefully.

The United States were convinced that Osama Bin Laden and his Al-Qaeda terrorist group were behind the attacks. In October, the U.S. attacked terrorist training camps in Afghanistan .

Why the Towers Collapsed

The two Boeing 767s that took off from Boston hat a lot of fuel with them because they were travelling to Los Angeles. Each jet had about 90,000 litres of fuel—about 2 tanker trucks full.

When the planes hit the towers they caused a massive fire that spread across many floors at the top of the buildings. Most likely, furniture, wood and paper in the offices began burning quickly , so that the fire could spread in a few seconds. The buildings did have an automatic sprinkler system, but this system was made to put out small fires.

The fire caused temperatures of over 1,000 °C , so that even the steel constructions in the buildings became weaker and weaker.

In the end, the top floors that remained undamaged were so heavy that the whole building collapsed. The World Trade Centre, however, withstood collapse long enough to save thousands of lives. About 99 % of the people in the lower floors could get out of the buildings before they fell.

Rebuilding Ground Zero

In the months after September 11, 2001 thousands of workers helped to clean up the place where the World Trade Centre once stood - known as Ground Zero. Many architects all over the world were called to present designs for rebuilding the site. In the future, glass towers will surround a memorialof September 11.

The World Trade Centre

The World Trade Centre was built by the American architect Minoru Yamasaki in the late 1960s and early 1970s. At their opening in 1972 they were the world's tallest buildings. They were over 400 metres tall and were made of 200,000 tons of steel. Each tower had 110 floors and 97 elevators.

Skyscrapers of this size have to be built in solid bedrock . In New York the solid rock starts at about 15 to 20 metres below the surface. When the builders of the WTC started digging they found out that after a few metres, water from the nearby Hudson River started pouring in. So they dug out small boxes and put steel and concrete into them to give the building a firm stand.

When the World Trade Centre opened in 1973 the project was not very popular among New Yorkers. But as time went on and more and more companies started moving their offices to the twin towers they became more and more popular. The two towers also became famous through movies like “King Kong” and “Superman”.

Extreme sportsmen chose the WTC as the place to try out many stunts. Skydivers parachuted from the top of the towers, climbers went up to the top on the outside walls and a French acrobat walked from one tower to the other on a tightrope. Within a few years the towers were on postcards, T-shirts and ads.

The World Trade Centre also gave the New Yorkers another tourist attraction. On a clear day it was possible to see over 60 km in all directions. Visitors could travel up to the top of the North tower and eat in a luxurious restaurant called “Windows of the World”.

The Twin Towers were like a small city. Over 500 companies , including banks, law firms, television stations and airlines had their offices here and 50,000 people worked in the two buildings every day. On a typical day as many as 200,000 visitors from all over the world passed through the buildings.

In 1993 the World Trade Centre was the target of an earlier terrorist attack. A truck with 600 kg of explosives drove into the basement garage of the building . When it exploded, a few stories were completely destroyed , but only 6 people were killed.

Osama Bin Laden

Osama Bin Laden is thought to be the world‘s leading terrorist and the person in charge of the September 11 attacks on America.

Bin Laden was born in Saudi Arabia in 1957. His father, Mohammed, founded a construction company and became a billionaire. The company grew very famous and rebuilt mosques all over the world , including Mecca and Medina.

Osama was the 17th son, and within his family he ranked low. He studied engineering in Jeddah.

In the middle of the 1980s bin Laden went to Afghanistan to help the mujahideen, who were Muslims that fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. He collected a lot of money for this group. At the end of the 1980s , Bin Laden founded Al-Qaeda.

When the United States sent soldiers to Saudi Arabia in 1991 to throw Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait, Osama Bin Laden became an opponent of the Saudi government. He thought it was unwise to let Americans expand their influence in Muslim countries.

Bin Laden was thrown out of Saudi Arabia because of his terrorist activities. He went to Sudan for a few years and then to Afghanistan , where he was protected by the Taliban government.

He has been charged with many terrorist attacks in the past 15 years. In the worst attack, the United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed in 1998 — 200 people were killed.

Since the September 11 attacks on America the United States and other countries have been searching for him. Many of his helpers have been killed or caught but Osama Bin Laden is still believed to be alive.

Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda is a network of extremists organized by Osama Bin Laden. It was founded in the 1980s and Bin Laden has become the main financial supporter.

Al-Qaeda thinks that all Westerners should be thrown out of Islamic states and that countries that do not follow Islamic law are bad. According to its founder, all Muslims around the world should fight a holy war against the United States and Israel. Al-Qaeda probably has contact with terrorist groups all over the world.

Although Osama Bin Laden is the leader and founder of the group , it is not run by him alone. Al-Qaeda does not have a central structure . It is a network of local groups in different countries who don’t know each other. Each group operates on its own and if one group is arrested it does not know anything about the others.

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Words

according =as someone says
ad = advertisement, poster , commercial
air traffic = all the flights in the whole country
although =while
arrest = capture , catch
attraction = a very famous sight that everyone wants to see
baggage = the bags and suitcases that someone has with him when he is travelling
basement = American word for “cellar”
billionaire = someone who has more than one billion dollars or Euros etc..
business =the buying and selling of goods
Capitol = the building in Washington where Congress ( all the Representatives and Senators) meet
cause = produce , to be the reason for ..
charge = to blame
collapse = to fall down quickly
concrete = you get it by mixing sand, cement, small stones and water together
construction company = a firm that builds houses, buildings, bridges etc..
convince =to make someone feel sure about something
depart = leave from, start from
design = plans, drawings
destination = the place where someone or something is going
destroy = to damage something so badly that you cannot use it any more
direction =way, course, path
elevator = a machine that takes people from one floor of a building to another
embassy = a group of people who represent their country in the building of a foreign country
engineering = jobs that have to do with building roads, bridges , machines etc..
evacuate = everybody had to get out
expand = make bigger
explosives = material that can produce an explosion
FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation = the police department that is controlled by the American government
firm stand =here: to fix it so that it won’t move
flame = the hot bright burning gas that you see when something is on fire
found = to start something like a company or an organization
fuel = gas or petrol that makes a motor run
furniture = objects made of wood like chairs, tables, cupboards etc..
headquarters = the main building that is the centre of an organization or company
hijack = to take control of a plane
in charge = in control
influence = power
intend = plan to , was going to
invasion = the army of one country enters another country
law = the rules of a country or religion
law firm =a group of lawyers who defend people in court and give you advice on legal things
leading = number one
likely = probably
local = everything that is in a small area or place
luxurious = very expensive and beautiful
massive = great, big
memorial = an object that reminds people of someone who has died
network = system, group
on its own = by itself
opponent = enemy, rival
overcome = to defeat
parachute = to jump down with a parachute
Pentagon = a building in Washington from which the American army is controlled
popular = liked by many people
pour = flow in
protect =defend, guard
rank = to be in a position or place
remain = stay
run = govern, control
safety =not in danger
solid bedrock = the rock in the ground below the soil
spread = expand , to get bigger
sprinkler system = machines that are used to pour water on a fire
steel construction =a building or structure made out of a very hard metal
stock exchange =place where you buy and sell stocks (parts of companies)
stunt = something dangerous that is done to entertain people
supporter =someone who helps a person, an organization or an idea by giving money
surface =the top layer of something
surround =around
target = aim
thought to be = many people think that ...
tightrope = a rope high above the ground that someone walks on
took off = start
twin =two of the same kind
undamaged = nothing happened to them
unwise = not wise, foolish, stupid
withstood = hold out

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